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C++ and Python Equivalents


Equivalents were produced with C++ to Python Converter.      


Sized Array

C++ Python
int myArray[2];

or:

int *myArray = new int[2];
myArray = [0 for _ in range(2)]

Access Array Element

C++ Python
x = myArray[0]; x = myArray[0]

Array of Arrays

C++ Python
int myArray[2][3] = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6} }; myArray = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

C++ requires statements to end with semi-colons and multi-statement blocks to be enclosed in braces, while Python only requires indentation to correspond to the logical block levels and block headers to end in colons. The current instance is only available within instance methods via the first parameter of the method, usually named 'self' by convention (static methods are distinguished by the @staticmethod decorator).

C++ Python
class FooClass
{
    void instanceMethod()
    {
        if (fooCondition)
        {
            fooLogicOne();
            fooLogicTwo();
        }
    }
};
class FooClass:
    def instanceMethod(self):
        if fooCondition:
            fooLogicOne()
            fooLogicTwo()
C++ Python
void casts()
{
    x = (int)y;
    x = (float)y;
    x = (std::string)y;
}
def casts(self):
    x = int(y)
    x = float(y)
    x = str(y)
C++ Python
// vector:
std::vector<int> myList = {1, 2, 3};

// unordered_map:
std::unordered_map<std::wstring, int> myD = {
    {string1, 80},
    {string2, 85}
};
# list:
myList = [1, 2, 3]

# dict:
myD = {string1: 80, string2: 85}

Vectors (C++) and lists (Python)

C++ Python
#include <vector>

void Vector()
{
    std::vector<int> myList;
    myList.push_back(1);
    int i = 1;
    myList[0] = i;
    i = myList[0];
}
def list(self):
    myList = []
    myList.append(1)
    i = 1
    myList[0] = i
    i = myList[0]

Maps (C++) and dictionaries (Python)

C++ Python
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>

void UnorderedMap()
{
    std::unordered_map<std::wstring, int> map;
    std::wstring s = L"test";
    map.emplace(s, 1);
    int i = map[s];
    i = map.size();
    bool b = map.empty();
    map.erase(s);
}
def dictionary(self):
    map = {}
    s = "test"
    map.update({s: 1})
    i = map[s]
    i = len(map)
    b = not map
    map.pop(s)

Python has a single comment format, starting with the '#' symbol. Multiline comments can also be created using triple quoted multiline strings.

C++ Python
// single-line comment

foo(); // end-of-line comment

/* comment
over multiple lines
*/
# single-line comment

foo() # end-of-line comment

# comment
# over multiple lines
#

# using multiline strings to simulate multiline comments:
"""
comment
over multiple lines
"""

Local Variable

C++ Python
int myVar = 2; myVar = 2  # Python infers the type

Inferred Types

Inferred typing is available in C++, but Python always infers the type:

C++ Python
auto myVar = 2; myVar = 2

Static Field

In Python, static fields are initialized at the class level:

C++ Python
class FooClass
{
    static inline int staticField = 7;
};
class FooClass:
    staticField = 7

Instance Field

In Python, instance fields are not listed at the class level and are qualified with the instance object, given by the first instance method parameter (usually named 'self' by convention):

C++ Python
class FooClass
{
    int instanceField = 2;
};
class FooClass:
    def __init__(self):
        self.instanceField = 2

Local Constant

C++ Python
constexpr int myConst = 2; MY_CONST = 2  # at method level - up to programmers to respect the naming convention and avoid changing it

Class Constant

C++ Python
static constexpr int myConst = 2; MY_CONST = 2  # at class level - up to programmers to respect the naming convention and avoid changing it
C++ Python
class Foo
{
public:
    Foo()    // constructor
    {
    }

    ~Foo()    // destructor
    {
    }
};
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):    # constructor
        pass

    def close(self):    # destructor
        pass

The syntax for default parameters is identical in these two languages.

C++ Python
void defaultParam(int x=0)
{
    ...
}
def defaultParam(self, x=0):
    ...

Enums in C++ have equivalents in Python using the 'enum' module:

C++ Python
enum class Simple
{
    FOO,
    BAR
};
from enum import Enum

class Simple(Enum):
    FOO = 0
    BAR = 1

The Python try/except scheme is equivalent to the C++ try/catch:

C++ Python
void ExceptionHandling()
{
    try
    {
    }
    catch (const Foo &f)
    {
        throw Foo();
    }
    catch (const Bar)
    {
        throw Bar();
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        throw FooBar();
    }
}
def ExceptionHandling(self):
    try:
        pass
    except Foo as f:
        raise Foo()
    except Bar:
        raise Bar()
    except:
        raise FooBar()
C++ Python
if (conditionA)
{
}
else if (conditionB)
{
}
else
{
}
if conditionA:
    pass
elif conditionB:
    pass
else:
    pass

C++ allows incrementing and decrementing integers within expressions, while Python doesn't. The following shows how C++ to Python Converter handles some cases.

C++ Python
void incrementDecrement()
{
    i = ++j;

    i = j++;

    i = j--;

    i = s + --t;

    i = s + t--;

    i = s + ++t;

    i = s + t++;
}
def incrementDecrement(self):
    j += 1
    i = j

    i = j
    j += 1

    i = j
    j -= 1

    t -= 1
    i = s + t

    i = s + t
    t -= 1

    t += 1
    i = s + t

    i = s + t
    t += 1

Python does not have indexers, so you must use get/set methods instead:

C++ Python
public:
int &operator [](int index)
{
    return field[index];
}
def get_item(self, index):
    return field[index]
def set_item(self, index, value):
    field[index] = value
C++ Python
class one
{
protected:
    int baseField = 1;

public:
    one(int i)
    {
    }

    virtual void baseMethod()
    {
    }
    };

class two : public one
{
public:
    two() : one(0)
    {
    }

    void method()
    {
        one::baseField = 2;
        one::baseMethod();
    }
};
class one:

    def __init__(self, i):
        # instance fields found by C++ to Python Converter:
        self.baseField = 1


    def baseMethod(self):
        pass

class two(one):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(0)

    def method(self):
        self.baseField = 2
        super().baseMethod()

Expression Lambda

C++ Python
myVar = [&] (const std::string &text)
{
    return foo(text);
};
myVar = lambda text : foo(text)

Multi-statement Lambda

C++ Python
myVar = [&] (Foo *param1, Bar *param2)
{
    // ...multiple statements
};
No direct Python equivalent
C++ Python
x = y && z;
x = y || z;
x = !y;
i = j | k;
i = j & k;
i = j ^ k;
x = y and z
x = y or z
x = not y
i = j | k
i = j & k
i = j ^ k
C++ Python
// while loop:
while (while_condition)
{
    foo();

    // break and continue:
    if (b)
        break;
    else
        continue;
}

// do-while loop:
do
{
    foo();
} while (do_condition);

// traditional for loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
    foo();
}

// 'for each' loop:
for (Foo f : FooList)
{
}
# while loop:
while while_condition:
    foo()

    # break and continue:
    if b:
        break
    else:
        continue

# do-while loop:
# Python doesn't have a do-while loop, so simulate it:
condition = True
while condition:
    foo()
    condition = do_condition

# traditional for loop:
for i in range(0, 9):
    foo()

# 'for each' loop:
for f in FooList:
    pass
C++ Python
void exponentiation()
{
    x = std::pow(y, z);
}

void integerDivision()
{
    // C++ integer division always rounds towards 0:
    int i = -5;
    int j = 2;
    int result = i / j; // result is -2
}

void modulusOperator()
{
    // C++ and Python '%' operators are only equivalent for positive numbers:
    int i = 2;
    int j = -3;
    int result = i % j;   // result is 2
}

void otherMathOperations()
{
    x = std::abs(y);
    x = std::cos(y);
    x = M_E;
    x = M_PI;
}
import math

def exponentiation(self):
    x = y ** z

def integerDivision(self):
    # Python integer division rounds away from 0 when negative:
    i = -5
    j = 2
    result = math.trunc(i / float(j)) # result is -2

def modulusOperator(self):
    i = 2
    j = -3
    result = math.fmod(i, j)   # result is 2

    # Python modulus operator produces a different result:
    result = i % j   # result is -1

def otherMathOperations(self):
    x = abs(y)
    x = math.cos(y)
    x = math.e
    x = math.pi

Python instance methods have a first parameter indicating the instance ('self' is the convention for this parameter and not a keyword), and static methods have the '@staticmethod' decorator.

C++ Python
void instanceMethod()
{
}

static void staticMethod()
{
}
def instanceMethod(self):
    pass

@staticmethod
def staticMethod():
    pass

C++ to Python Converter uses classes to simulate namespaces:

C++ Python
namespace foo_namespace
{
    class FooClass
    {
    };
}
class foo_namespace:
    class FooClass:
        pass

Python doesn't offer operator overloading, so you have to create instance methods in the place of operator overloads:

C++ Python
class SomeType
{
private:
    int intValue = 0;

public:
    int operator + (const SomeType &Y)
    {
        return this->intValue + Y.intValue;
    }

    void test()
    {
        SomeType o1, o2;
        int i = o1 + o2;
    }
};
class SomeType:
    def __init__(self):
        # instance fields found by C++ to Python Converter:
        self._intValue = 0

    def add(self, Y):
        return self._intValue + Y._intValue

    def test(self):
        o1 = SomeType()
        o2 = SomeType()
        i = o1.add(o2)

The closest thing in Python to a C++ pure virtual method is an empty method:

C++ Python
class AbstractClass
{
protected:
    virtual void abstractMethod() = 0;
};
class AbstractClass:
    def abstractMethod(self):
        pass
C++ Python
std::string s = R"(multiline
    raw
    string)";
s = """multiline
    raw
    string"""

Python 3.10 has 'match' syntax, but if/elif/else is used prior to Python 3.10.

C++ Python
switch (pivot)
{
    case 1:
        foo();
        break;
    case 2:
    case 3:
        bar();
        break;
    case 4:
        break;
    default:
        ack();
        break;
}

Python 3.10:

match pivot:
    case 1:
        foo()
    case 2 | 3:
        bar()
    case 4:
        pass
    case other:
        ack()

Prior to Python 3.10:

if pivot == 1:
    foo()
elif pivot == 2 or pivot == 3:
    bar()
elif pivot == 4:
    pass
else:
    ack()
C++ Python
result = condition ? truePart : falsePart; result = truePart if condition else falsePart

There is no direct equivalent in C++ to the Python 'isinstance' operator, but you can replicate the behavior by testing the result of a 'dynamic_cast':

C++ Python
bool b = dynamic_cast<Foo*>(f) != nullptr; b = isinstance(f, Foo)

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